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Burmese government records of Rohingya
In his article, “A friend’s appeal to Burma”, published on 19 June 2012, Benedict Rogers noted that the first President of Burma, Sao Shwe Thaike, a Shan, said that “Muslims of Arakan certainly belong to the indigenous races of Burma. If they do not belong to the indigenous races, we also cannot be taken as indigenous races”.
“The people living in Buthidaung and Maungdaw Townships are Rohingya, ethnic of Burma” said Burma’s first prime minister U Nu in a pubic speech on 25 September 1954 at 8 pm. “The Rohingya has the equal status of nationality with Kachin, Kayah, Karen, Mon, Rakhine and Shan” said the prime minister and minister for defense U Ba Swe at public gatherings in Buthidaung and Maungdaw Townships on 3 and 4 November 1959.
“The people living in Mayu Frontier is ethnic Rohingya” included in the announcement of Frontiers Administration office under Prime Minister Office on 20 November 1961. Mayu Frontier is composed of Buthidaung, Maungdaw and Rathedaung Townships.
Broadcasting from radio program in the Rohingya language was relayed three times a week from the indigenous language programme of the official Burma Broadcasting Service in Rangoon, from 15 May 1961 to 30 October 1965. Myanma Encyclopedia Vol.9, page 89-90, published in 1964, concludes that population of 500,000 living in Mayu Frontier of Northern Arakan State 75% is Rohingya. “The majority people live in Buthidaung, Maungdaw and Rathedaung Townships are ethnic Rohingya and the minorities are Rakhine, Daingnet, Mro and Khami” wrote in Tatmataw Khit Yay journal Vol.12, No.6 printed on 18 July 1961 and Vol. 12, No.9 printed on 8 August 1961.
In his speech on 8 July 1961, the Army Deputy Commander-in-Chief Brigadier General Aung Gyi said, “The people living in Mayu Frontier are Rohingya. Pakistan (now Bangladesh) is located in west of Mayu Frontier and Muslims are living there. The people living in west are called Pakistani and the people living here are called Rohingya. This is not the only border that has same people on both sides, border with China, India and Thailand also have the same phenomenon. For example: Lisu, Ei-Kaw, La-Wa live in Kachin State and same people live in China. Also Shan people can be found in China as Tai. The ethnics Mon, Karen and Malay are also living in Thailand. In India-Burma border Chin, Li-Shaw and Naga are living. These people are living in Burma as ethnics and living in India as well”.
The Rangoon University Rohingya Students Association was one of the many ethnic student associations that functioned from 1959 to 1961 under the registration numbers 113/99 December 1959 and 7/60 September 1960 respectively. In High School Geography textbook, printed in 1978, where scattered living regions of national races of Burma is shown on page 86, Northern Arakan is marked as ‘Rohingya region’.
Rohingya elites/MPs before and after independence of Burma
After the separation of Burma from India in 1935, the “Di-Archy” system was replaced by a ruling system called “91 Taa-na” (Departments administration). In that system there were 132 seats in the governing body and a total of 132 members were elected from various communal backgrounds. In this election, Mr. Ghani Markan, a Rohingya MP from Buthidaung and Maungdaw constituency, was elected. Point to be noted here that Mr. Ghani Markan was from the Community of “Burmese national” category and they (Rohingya) represented the Burmese national and not the Indian or any other group.
The General Election for Constituent Assembly in 1947 was organized just before the independence, mainly by the participation of General Aung San. This time, Buthidaung and Maungdaw had two separate constituencies. U Abdul Ghaffar for Buthidaung and U Sultan Ahmed for Maungdaw were elected.
U Abul Bashar for Buthidaung, U Sultan Ahmed and Daw Aye Nyunt for Maungdaw and U Abdul Ghaffar for Upper house were elected in 1951 election. U Ezhar Miah and U Abul Bashar for Buthidaung, U Sultan Ahmed and U Abul Khair for Maungdaw, U Sultan Mahmood for Buthidaung North and U Abdul Ghaffar for Upper house were elected in 1956. U Sultan Mahmood and U Abul Bashar for Buthidaung, U Rashid and U Abul Khair for Maungdaw and U Abdu Suban for Upper house were elected in 1961. By then the Rohingya community were involved more actively in politics. For the first time, one of the Rohingya elected member became a cabinet minister of Prime Minister U Nu’s government. He was U Sultan Mahmood, and in charge for the ministry of Education and Health. U Abdul Ghaffar and U Abul Bashar, elected members of Buthidaung became the Parliamentary Secretaries.
Even in the era of U Ne Win, the Rohingya exercised voting and representing rights in the Pyithu Hluttaw (National Assembly) Election and in the election of different levels of Pyithu (National) Council. Likewise, many Rohingya dignitaries were endorsed in the Burma Socialist Programme Party (BSPP) and some of them held higher positions as well. U Abul Hussein and Dr. Abdur Rahim were elected in 1974 from Buthidaung and Maungdaw.
Rohingya have been subjected to the discriminatory measure initiated in 1978 by the then BSPP and local authority of Rakhine community. They started to take the initiative to deprive the fundamental rights of Rohingya community and since then the Rohingya were marginalized from the Pyithu Hluttaw Election. U Tun Aung Kyaw aka Abdul Hai, was the only Rohingya representative elected in 1978 election from Maungdaw, but none from Buthidaung. The Rohingya were excluded from participating in the Pyithu Hluttaw elections in 1982 and 1986. However, some Rohingya were seen at lower levels of Pyithu Council of the BSPP.
In 1990 multi party general election, Rohingya exercised the voting and representing rights again. U Kyaw Min, U Tin Maung, U Chit Lwin and U Fazal Ahmed from National Democratic Party for Human Rights (NDPH) were elected from Buthidaung and Maungdaw constituencies. Later U Kyaw Min became a member of Committee Representing People’s Parliament (CRPP).
Making Rohingya stateless
Rohingya people used to have National Registration Cards (NRC) like everyone else in the country. Upon introduction of discriminatory policies on Rohingya by Ne Win in 1970s, the NRCs were taken away by various measures. Numerous check-points were set up to block Rohingya’s travel and to confiscate their IDs. Nagamin (the Dragon) operation in 1977-78 was skillfully crafted to drive out all Rohingya from Burma. It produced about 250,000 refugees that fled to neighboring Bangladesh. However, most of the fleeing refugees were returned to their original dwelling places, so the plan was not quite successful for the Burmese regime. Although systematic discriminatory policies were in place and IDs and other government issued documents were seized by the government, Rohingya remained as citizens of Burma until 1982. The Citizenship Act promulgated in 1982 is the official document that striped off the citizenship of Rohingya.
Numerous forms of discriminations followed by the enactment of 1982 Citizenship Law and lives of Rohingya had become incomprehensible. Again, another operation was carried out in 1991 by the successive military regime and it produced about 300,000 refugees, but this time about 200,000 remained in Bangladesh, of which, 28,000 are recognized refugees by the UNHCR and the rest are scattered around the country and are not recognized as refugees.
In the meantime, the regime uses different methods to eliminate (force out) the Rohingya population for the region: confiscation of farmland, establishing Buddhist settlement on Rohingya’s land, force labor, restriction on movement, restriction on marriage, harassment, desecration of religious places, arbitrary taxation, extrajudicial killings, rapes, and the list goes on.
The new National Scrutiny Card was introduced in 1989 and Rohingya were not entitled to receive them as they have become non-citizen under the 1982 Citizenship Act. However, the authorities issued Temporary Scrutiny Card to all and promised twice in 2008 constitution referendum and 2010 election that National Scrutiny Card will soon be issued to all the Rohingyas. But the promises made to Rohingya were never honored.
In a recent parliament session, when some MPs raised the issue of Rohingya, the immigration minister U Khin Yee said that “there is no Rohingya in Burma”. The same was echoed by the director general of the population department at a later date. Although many Rohingya were members of National League for Democracy (NLD) in Buthidaung and Maungdaw Townships during 1990 election, now the vice chairman U Tin Oo and other high ranking officials of NLD are openly saying that there is no race called ‘Rohingya’ in Burma, which is an utter disregard for historical facts, human rights and democratic principle. NLD’s discriminatory policy on Rohingya is no less than that of the military regime.
There is no justice for Rohingya in Burma as racism is deeply rooted in Burmese society. Rohingyas are made scapegoats to justify their evil doings by both ultra-nationalist racists and the regime to divert public attention. As history cannot be deleted or altered, the truth needs to be revealed and justice needs to be established. It is the human rights defenders that need to work hard to establish justice and defend the rights of the unjustly persecuted.
Nay San Lwin is an activist and Vice President of the Burmese Rohingya Association in Deutschland. He can be reached via Twitter @nslwin
Real truth. Excellent aritcle. May Allah give you more strength to write more like this one.
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Jeizutinbade — excellent statement. I wonder if you’d couch it in human rights when preaching to Burmese not already converted though. Is there an “underground”, subversive, support base for this view in Yangon and Mandalay?
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It is now like parallel rail tracks. Close together. One goes this way and the other that way.
Until both sides can merge like the waters of Chindwin and Irrawaddy at Nyaung-Oo, this riddle is not going to be solved and everyone will continue to suffer.
None of the Arakanese side protestation mentions any of the ill treatment to Rohingya and none of the Rohingya advocates ever describes “reverse-pogrom” ill and cruel acts by Rohingya towards the Arakanese. Both sides continue to show only their cowardly sides.
Until BOTH sides grow some ball and admit and acknowledge their own despicable acts, this problem will never go away.
Use of any loud advocates (UN, US, EU, HRW, AI, ABCDEFGH)of any sort is NEVER going to solve the problem. All they have done thus far has been to make things worse. As no one is presenting the real problems fairly from BOTH sides.
Everyone is justifying their own heinous act based on the similar deeds by the other side.
That is the cycle that needs stopping.
What this article does show is how tolerant and peaceful living it was possible before and can be achieved again. With true effort.
Ignorance and chauvinistic way the military has taught the populace of Burma for two decades has been the background atmosphere, but the obscene lauding by the self-serving international communities to these arch-practitioners of racism, Bamar Sit-tut in gaung-paungs, is the encouraging and sustaining factor.
As yet no one has condemned the most inhumane acts. Money vs 800,000 financially inconsequential people.
A question still has to be asked. Is the protection of the lives and properties of the people on the ground best served by claiming such and such rights because of such and such history as in a court of law to have never ending round and round talk-fest, enough of which has already been done?
What is required now is to ask and address the fear and insecurities of people on the ground and work together to solve the problems.
So far all that all the Rohingya advocates have done is like child screaming loud and telling the father of the other sibling’s ill deeds in a long, long list hoping that that father may beat the other guy up. This will help no one.
Unless the intention is to sort out the problem and not to incite more emotion and agitation by showing off the sore-eye, the problem is waiting to get bigger and bigger. No one gets a good deal out of big problem.
So enquire and address the fear and insecurities of people on the ground on BOTH sides and work together to solve these issues.
Not a single live would be saved by finding out the origin and usage of any word, “Rohingya” or “Bamar” or any other.
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[…] Nay San Lwin is an activist and Vice President of the Burmese Rohingya Association in Deutschland and Director (EU Region) of the Free Rohingya Campaign (FRC). He can be reached via Twitter @nslwin Sources Here: […]
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I recently checked out all the radio broadcasts with the BBC/FBIS Monitoring Service Archives, but none of the references is listed and so cannot be verified. Are there other original sources?
The two documentary references are correct, though the Encylopaedia reference does not ‘conclude’ anything – the article is about the Mahu Frontier District May 1961 – Feburary 1964 and simply records the fact on Page 90 that 75% of the population in the district are ‘Rohingya’.
The British did not use the term ‘Rohingya’ during their administration of Arakan 1825-1948 and the label has been popularised only since the Mujahid rebellion 1949-1961.
My conclusion is that Burmese officials were generally reluctant to use the term. No doubt there are ‘Rohingya’ who would rather not use what has become a toxic label. A frequently repeated litany of isolated references, even if verified, only confirms that a label had been applied, not necesarily accepted.
I notice a growing reluctance by Western politicians to use the term ‘Rohingya’ or to charcterise the present communal violence as a conflict between two great religions. In his latest expression of serious concern about events, UK Foreign Secretary William Hague avoids altogether using the words ‘Rohingya’, ‘Buddhists’ and ‘Muslims’.
Polarisation designed to provoke confrontation will not help to resolve what is a very grave problem which needs external help, but not gratuitous intervention.
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Wise call.
Armchair interventionists of all locations and persuasion seems to be stuck on deliberation of theoretical usage of a word and publishing catalogs of litany of previous”unjust” acts of the other side while studiously avoiding any ill deed by the supporting side.
There is no one addressing any current issue of the people involved on both sides on the ground,finding out their current fear and needs and rapprochement with participation from the very communities .
Unless that is done, Burma is heading towards full blown civil anarchy well before the much prophesied financial crisis driven “western” one.
Whether that requires “Foreign” intervention though is a separate question.
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Derek,
Sorry to say that you still need to learn a lot. You should raise your voice again when you have full knowledge about Rohingya.
As a Burmese, I certify here that the above facts are absolutely true.
Good luck with your research.
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Are we starting yet another round of vilification similar to one seen against ‘anti-sanction’ advocators?
“Sorry to say that you still need to learn a lot. You should raise your voice again when you have full knowledge about Rohingya.”
Please tell us Ko Thein Zan
What do Derek Tonkin need to know more beyond the serious situations on the ground that do not require more
“Polarisation designed to provoke confrontation will not help to resolve what is a very grave problem which needs external help, but not gratuitous intervention.”?
Derek Tonkin has the fortitude to buck the trend against own government stance previously on sanction and now on Rohingya issues indicate a deep understanding that should shame most so called “Burmese”.
“As a Burmese, I certify here that the above facts are absolutely true.”
Does being a Burmese that certified the facts of ongoing tragedy mentioned go beyond “gratuitous intervention”?
The situation on the ground as it is has it root on unimaginable poverty that has been hinted in documentary on prostitution in Bangladesh.
This round of ethnic strife is not going to help with the root cause!
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Thein Zan
If you read my comment again, you will see that I indeed asked whether there might be other original sources. I am now ploughing through the several hundred pages of the NDPD ‘Submission of Monograph’ to the Union Parliament with its 42 annexes, mostly in Burmese.
As regards further research, the 1980 memorandum “The British Military Administration of North Arakan” by Ambassador Peter Murray is quite fascinating. You should read it. It even sent me to study the Bengali language in an attempt to decipher what CFs (Chittagongian men) and CKs (Chittagongian women) in Burma might actually mean. In those days, it seems the ‘Rohingya’ even called themselves ‘CFs’ for short.
Next week, I plan to trace a 1939-1940 report by the Burma Government on ‘Indian’ immigration to Arakan.
Many thanks for your best wishes for my further research. There is so much still to examine. I wish I had your depth of knowledge.
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Very envy-ing. It is such luxury. To bury oneself in thorough in depth study of a subject like in “Mastermind”. May or may not help much in the current urgent crisis, but definitely going to advance the knowledge in meaningful and interesting way.
Could I make amateurish suggestion? It is more than likely that like every where there will be people in and out of the place rathen than same people all the time.
Still Faradi (Faraizi)Movement (1804-1838)of Haji Shariatullah(1781–1840) was likely to be major component. He was likely to have been of Sufi Sect. That is important in today’s world of Salafist up swing.
It would be great to know the relation of people of today and their relationship back then.
And the farming origin. Bengali are one of the best brains on earth- Tagore, Bose, Sen, Yunus. Likely that, like all communities, some are simply keen to tend the land and live quietly. You can even hear among the Rohingya diaspora in Saudi missing their fields (as opposed to land) today!
Of course all are subject to being taken advantage of by several outside influences.
Sounds a rewarding study! Happy days for you.
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Please educate me here Derek. The article above refers to “Burmese government records of Rohingya.” What is the point you are making about British colonial records?
I guess most readers with knowledge of the region will know of this paper based on British records (http://www.narinjara.com/pdf/Burma%E2%80%99s%20Western%20Border%20as%20Reported%20by%20the%20Diplomatic%20Correspondence.pdf)
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Ralph
Always check references against original sources. Like those Spitfires said to be buried near Mingaladon, please show me the evidence.
The pdf document to which you refer me quotes from diplomatic, not colonial records.
I do not understand what you mean by “this paper”. Which paper?
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Apologies Derek, I was asking what colonial records have to do with the article at NM which seemed to be about post-colonial use of the terms. This was in response to your comment about “The British did not use the term ‘Rohingya’ during their administration of Arakan 1825-1948…”. Just asking whether a colonial record is relevant to the position in the NM article?
“The paper” refers to the linked paper and is not related to the question. I was just adding to your comment on the Mujahid rebellion.
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Ralph
The relevance is that from 1825 (after which Bengalis began to migrate in large numbers into Arakan) to 2012 – a period of 187 years – the governing authority in Arakan used the description ‘Rohingya’ only on an isolated number of occasions in the 1950s and 1960s. That is, the British never, and Independent Burma not at all during the last 45 years. On that flimsy basis, it seems to me difficult to argue that the administering authority in Burma/Myanmar has since 1825 ever seriously recognised Muslims resident in Rakhine State as ‘Rohingyas’.
The point of Nay San Lwin’s article is accordingly difficult to fathom. Muslims of Bengali origin (and possibly others) should surely be recognised as Rakhine Muslims and those with a valid claim under Myanmar nationality law, revised as Suu Kyi has recommended in accordance with international standards and principles, should be granted citizenship. I’m sure she would agree. Indeed, don’t we all?
Said President Thein Sein in his joint statement over the week-end with Norwegian Prime Minister Stoltenberg: “In turning to the current sectarian violence in Rakhine state, the President underlined Myanmar’s long history as a tolerant society with peoples of many different faiths, said that he would do everything possible to end the violence quickly and restore law and order, and pledged to resolve the present situation according to international standards.”
So there we are. We surely all agree. End the violence and start the long, slow process of reconciliation. But please don’t still try to convince me that, because on a few isolated occasions ‘Rohingya’ was used some 45 years ago or more by senior officials, the moon is made of cheese.
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This incessant endeavors to prove each other wrong, through historical or anecdotal mentions, in this case Rohingyas, serve nothing but more division and further polarization among the humanity in western Myanmar.
Worst detract from dealing with on the ground ongoing tragic realities.
Western Myanmar similar to all other border region have been under the Rule by Fore (RbF) instead of the Rule of Laws (RoL) since immediately after independence.
This present ethnic strife is purely the manifestation of a slight relief from:
1)The long oppression by the military RbF.
2)Continual crushing poverty.
Sadly present situation will assure once more the need for RbF. Thus continuing the unacceptable status quo of last 6 decades.
Until the other fixable factor of continual crushing poverty is addressed beyond knee jerk reactions to such as perceived HR violation,legitimacy issue etc by both the Buddhist Yakhine, Muslim Kala, the West and other regional player/Bangladesh, western Myanmar will continue to be in the overall quagmire of ethic strife.
The alleviation of poverty must come first if the eventual RoL is desired.
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So-called Rohingyas are the Bengali Illegals being pushed eastwards into Burma by the massive population explosion and grinding poverty in their motherland Bangladesh.
Believe it or not, Bangladesh with 160 millions is only 1/5 of Burma with 60 millions.
In 1942 during the lawlessness of WW2 they massacred nearly 100,000 Yakhine Buddhists then living at the May-yu frontier (Maungdaw-Butheetaung) and took their lands and fishing grounds by a Genocide.
First they’d tried to cut off that area (North Arakan) from Burma and joined East Pakistan (today Bangladesh) in long Mujahid Insurgency (1948-1956) after declaring they were Bengali Muslims under Pakistanese Flag, but Burmese army units led by General Tin Oo (now NLD vice Chair) destroyed them.
Since then they changed their tactics and reinvented themselves as the Rohingyas a thousand years old ethnic group of Burma and trying politically to get the control of captured north Arakan. As simple as that.
I want to ask Nay San Lwin (the guest contributor) just one question.
Were your grand parents and parents born in Burma?
I bet they were all born in India or East Pakistan (today Bangladesh)!
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There was no such “Motherland”, ie. country as Bangla Desh or East Pakistan in 1942.
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Your story is an imaginary one. Now I understand why Buddhists are killing Muslims there! They must be motivated by such stories!!
In Bangladesh, everyday we see hundreds of Rohinga people trying to enter Bangladesh illigally, not Bangladeshi people desperately trying to enter Myanmar! We are already overloaded with these refugees, and they are making all kind of problems to our country. So open your eyes and speak truth instead of spreading stories!!
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When we are talking about both sides. It is right we should listen both sides. Do Rohingyas have any person in government police force? Can they move one place to another freely? Who are the bosses in police forces in Rakine state? If British did not use Rohingya in any books, should we not accept them as Rohingya? There were no reference as Rakines but mough only. Whole villages of muslims were burnt down. Still Muslims should be considered as culprits. When we talk about both sides. Both sides should have same rights.Then we can compare the both sides. What will be benefit for UN, NGO and by talking bias for Rohingya.
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Anyone that use Benedict Rogers as reference should immediately be suspected to be against solving the problem as it is now.
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[…] Spivak reportedly characterized Leider’s views towards the Rohingya “toxic”. Here is a must-read article from New Mandala for anyone concerned about the systematic attempt to erase […]
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Myanmar is the most cruel country in the world. Be a human and help the rohigyas. Budhism is failing his idea.
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This is for Derek Tonkin. In the past also he used “Rohingya” many times. Even with Myanmar FM, he raised Rohingya issue during his visit to Burma.
“We would like the problems, the unresolved problems of the status of the Rohingya people to be addressed by the leaders in Burma across politics,” British Foreign Secretary William Hague told reporters in Laos.
http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/afp_asiapacific/view/1235330/1/.html
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Yes, indeed. William Hague though loves to lecture and hector. He’s the hard man of Europe. He might even like to think Britain is still the colonial power. It is my impression that other European leaders avoid the term ‘Rohingya’ like the plague. Barrosso, Stoltenberg and Thorning-Schmidt, who have all just visited Myanmar, would never dream of being so boorish.
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There are two separate issues here.
The word “Rohingya” has been patently dusted up, repolished and heavily promoted for political accomplishment by interested parties who seem to have patiently infiltrated wide and deep especially among the “goody two shoes” communities. Some genuinely believing, some simply self-righteous.
It is remarkable, there are people dying and tortured in hundreds on the ground, and the “Rohingya Advocates” were constantly and only talking about the name, the citizenship and land. If some one cuts your throat you are dead equally with or without citizenship. Same goes with hunger and disease.
That is the second and most important and most urgent, immediate issue now.
The local Arakanese stopping the international help to the people already displaced whatever they are called, whatever crime they have committed, is new lowest level of humanity, the world has descended to.
Arakanese for active act of stopping knowing that it will lead to death and suffering of the large number of people, for Thein Sein,who every one is grovelling up, for letting that happen (remember no one in Burma can sneeze without the military say-so with or without this much celebrated fake “Instant Democracy” and national and international communities who stand by to dig up oil and gas with deals from Thein Sein letting these inconsequential people die and suffer with simple tut-tut. Everyone is there in Vientiane now. Sucking up Thein Sein who lets the Arakanese to starve the Rohingya or whateever they are called to death at this very minute.
There is no reason to be proud to be human anymore. Human beasts are worse than animals one and all.
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Don’t put the cheese knife away Derek for you seem to believe Thein Sein in his claim of “Myanmar’s long history as a tolerant society…”. If that is believed, then you’d better give just a little more credence to Nay San Lwin.
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Ralph – The President has come a long way from his initially disastrous suggestion to UNHCR Antonio Guterres that the ‘Rohingya’ population should be resettled overseas. He has since said that attitudes must change and that they should be given education. Now he has gone so far as make a commitment to observe international standards in a joint statement with the Norwegian Prime Minister.
Whether you or I believe him is not important. It is however up to the international community to use their influence to see that he lives up to his commitment as best he can. But you and I know that attitudes on the ground will not change overnight, as Zarganar has found, to his immense frustration.
Meanwhile the good news is that I have at long last found documentary evidence that U Nu almost used the word “Rohingya” in his radio broadcast on 25 September 1954. I was sent a printed text of 28 newspaper columns, and in column 5 I indeed came across a word which is spelt ‘Ruhingya’ (in Burmese). The type-setter had clearly never seen or heard the word before (or since) and did his best. Indeed, it was probably the only time in his life that he had ever been required to set the word in type. Selected text at:
http://www.networkmyanmar.org/images/stories/PDF13/U-Nu-250954.pdf
I do not somehow feel that a lecture by U Nu on religion some 57 years ago has any great relevance to the very serious situation in Rakhine State today.
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There are tribal groups and ethnic groups that reside along trans border regions surrounding Myanmar. Tribal groups that are still not yet classified/documented/recognized exist even b/f there was Rohingyas.
It is only when the respective government of areas that they traverse requiring them to have documentation for any purpose, usually residency status, that these group are subjected to documentation.
Rhohingyas is a recognized resident Kala entity in western Myanmar. Despite BBC false claim of Western Myanmar as Rohingyas area most are without residency status.
Their advocates such as Naw San Lwin must not insist on claim beyond wanting to be part of resident or related status to citizenry of Myanmar.
Overreaching for a separate special status because of lawlessness and corruption suffered by all Myanmar Citizenry under the military regime will certainly invite back lash.
This present strife b/t Yakhine and Kala with the minority getting the short end again is mainly due to poverty induced scarce opportunity, clashing two cultures based on race and religion.
The other contributing factors that make the above even worst are
1)More Kala seeking better life from Bangladesh coming across.
2)Long existing chauvinism against each other due to extreme cultural difference. Promoted by the Bamar military government as strategy to divide and conquer.
3)General lack of any Rule of Laws, replaced by Rule by Force
with ‘near intractable corruption’ everywhere for decades.
U Thein Sein is correct describing “Tolerance”.
What he does to restore RoL eventually will be to his credit.
One need no further evidence of tolerance, than Yangon and other Major cities with centers ondicating thriving Kala Muslim or Hindus, Christians and others religions.
The simple difference being comparatively enough to go around for every groups be it Kala, Bamar , Chinese etc.
at those regions.
Believe it or not the undocumented Chinese are doing the best every where despite their residency status, creating simmering unrest that will need future input at New Mandala.
Hastening a return to RoL must be the West priority in order to avoid perpetual looming human tragedy.
As of now the ongoing events have set back the sorely need RoL in Western Myanmar with the minority Kala Muslim getting the short end, again.
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сБВ сАЕсААсА╣сАРсАДсА╣сАШсАм сБВсБАсББсБЕсБЛ
A collection of notes as regards Rohingya/Bengali in Burma can now be view/downlaod PDF at the following URL. TKRGS.
сА╗сАЩсАФсА╣сАЩсАмсА╗сАХсАКсА╣сАРсА╝сАДсА╣сА╕сБК сАЫсАЯсАФсА╣сА╕сАЫсА╜сАДсА╣сАЬсА░ сА╗сАХсАКсА╣сАЮсА░сАбсАЩсА║сАмсА╕ сАЕсАнсАРсА╣сАЭсАДсА╣сАРсАЕсАмсА╕ сАЫсА╜сАнсА╗сАА сАХсАлсАРсАЪсА╣ сАЖсАнсАпсАРсА▓сА╖ сАЫсАпсАнсАЯсАДсА╣сАВсА║сАм(сАШсАВсБдсАлсАЬсАо) сАЩсА║сАмсА╕сАбсА▒сА╗сААсАмсАДсА╣сА╕ сАЮсА╢сАпсА╕сАЮсАХсА╣сАБсА║сААсА╣ сАЕсАмсА▒сАЕсАмсАДсА╣сАЩсА║сАмсА╕ сАХсАлсБЛ сАЪсАБсАп сА▒сАбсАмсААсА╣сАХсАл сАЕсАмсАЩсА║сААсА╣сАФсА╜сАм сАЩсА╜сАм сАЕсАпсАЕсАКсА╣сА╕сА▒сАЦсАлсА╣сА╗сАХсАСсАмсА╕сА▒сАХсА╕сАХсАлсАРсАЪсА╣сБЛ сАЖсААсА╣сАЬсААсА╣сА▒сАЭсАЩсА║ сА▒сАХсА╕сАХсАнсАпсА╖сА╗сААсАХсАлсБЛ — сАжсА╕сА▒сАФсАжсА╕сБЛ сАЖсАЕсА╣сАТсАФсАосА╗сАЩсАнсАпсА╖сБЛ
http://www.netipr.org/
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I do not agree with the views shared here. To me its bit reverse. Actually the people where started way back from 2nd world war and then the story turned around. moreover the people from myenmar causing lots of problem in Bangladesh. To know the real fact u have to know the all the stories from 2nd WW to 1990 where the problem started to open up.
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[…] critics suggest that the ethnicity is only a recent invention, records show that Prime Minister U Nu, who led Burma for several years when it was a parliamentary democracy between 1948 and 1962, […]
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[…] critics suggest that the ethnicity is only a recent invention, records show that Prime Minister U Nu, who led Burma for several years when it was a parliamentary democracy between 1948 and 1962, […]
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